List of LaTeX mathematical symbols

This tutorial provides a list of commonly used LaTeX mathematical symbols.

Arrows Symbols

The arrow symbols are commonly used to represent the direction, mapping, and relationship in various mathematical expressions.

LaTeX Command	Symbol	Description
\uparrow	↑	Up Arrow
\downarrow	↓	Down arrow
\leftarrow	←	Left arrow
\rightarrow	→	Right arrow
\leftrightarrow	↔	Left and right arrow
\Leftarrow	⇐	Double left arrow
\Rightarrow	⇒	Double right arrow
\Downarrow	⇓	Double down arrow
\Uparrow	⇑	Double up arrow
\Updownarrow	⇕	Double up and down arrow
\nearrow	⇗	Northeast arrow
\searrow	⇘	Southeast arrow
\swarrow	⇙	Southwest arrow
\nwarrow	⇖	Northwest arrow
\updownarrow	↕	Up and down arrow
\leftharpoonup	↼	Left harpoon up arrow
\rightharpoonup	⇀	Right harpoon up arrow
\leftharpoondown	↽	Left harpoon down arrow
\rightharpoondown	⇁	Right harpoon down arrow
\mapsto	↦	Mapsto
\hookleftarrow	↩	Hooked left arrow
\hookrightarrow	↪	Hooked right arrow
\rightleftharpoons	⇌	Left and right harpoons
\Leftrightarrow	⇔	Left and right double arrow
\longleftarrow	⟵	Long left arrow
\longrightarrow	⟶	Long right arrow
\Longleftarrow	⟸	Long left double arrow
\Longrightarrow	⟹	Long right double arrow

Binary Operators Symbols

In LaTeX, binary operators are symbols used to perform binary operations on mathematical expression and performing operations on operands.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
±	\pm	Plus or Minus
∓	\mp	Minus or plus
×	\times	Multiply
÷	\div	Divided
∗	\ast	Asterisk
⋆	\star	Star
†	\dagger	Dagger
‡	\ddagger	Double dagger
∩	\cap	Set intersection
∪	\cup	Set union
⊎	\uplus	Multiset union
⊓	\sqcap	Squared cap
⊔	\sqcup	Squared cup
⋁	\vee	N-ary logical or
⋀	\wedge	N-ary logical and
⋅	\cdot	Centered dot
⋄	\diamond	Diamond
△	\bigtriangleup	Big triangle up
▽	\bigtriangledown	Big triangle down
◃	\triangleleft	Triangle left
▹	\triangleright	Triangle right
◯	\bigcirc	Big circle
•	\bullet	Bullet
≀	\wr	Wreath product
⊕	\oplus	Circled plus
⊖	\ominus	Circled minus
⊗	\otimes	Circled times
⊘	\oslash	Circled division
⊙	\odot	Circled dot
○	\circ	Small circle
∖	\setminus	Set minus
⨿	\amalg	Amalgamation

Brackets Symbols

In LaTex, bracket symbols are used to group mathematical expressions and to provide additional structure to equations.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
[ ]	\lbrack \rbrack	Square Brackets
{ }	\lbrace \rbrace	Curly Brackets
( )	\left( \right)	Round Brackets
⟨ ⟩	\langle \rangle	Angle Brackets
⌊ ⌋	\lfloor \rfloor	Floor Brackets
⌈ ⌉	\lceil \rceil	Ceiling Brackets
|	\vert \vert	Single Vertical Bar
| |	\lvert \rvert	Double Vertical Bars

Calculus Symbols

In LaTeX, calculus symbols are used to represent mathematical expressions and operations related to calculus.

These symbols plays crucial roles in expressing integrations, limits, differentiation, infinity and other mathematical concepts.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
∫	\int	Integral
∬	\iint	Double Integral
∭	\iiint	Triple Integral
∮	\oint	Contour Integral
∯	\oiint	Surface Integral
∰	\oiiint	Volume Integral
∇	\nabla	Nabla (Gradient Operator)
∂	\partial	Partial Derivative
∞	\infty	Infinity
lim	\lim	Limit
d	\mathrm{d}	Infinitesimal Differential
Δx	\Delta x	Change in x
Δy	\Delta y	Change in y
δx	\delta x	Infinitesimal Change in x
δy	\delta y	Infinitesimal Change in y
Σ	\Sigma	Summation

Delimiter Symbols

In LaTeX, delimiter symbols are used to enclose and group parts of mathematical exxpressions and provide clarity to the notation.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
( )	\left( \right)	Parentheses
[ ]	\left[ \right]	Square Brackets
{ }	\left{ \right}	Curly Braces
| |	\lvert \rvert	Double Vertical Bars
⟨ ⟩	\langle \rangle	Angle Brackets
⌊ ⌋	\lfloor \rfloor	Floor Brackets
⌈ ⌉	\lceil \rceil	Ceiling Brackets
/	/	Slash (Solidus)
\	\backslash	Backslash
|	\vert	Vertical Bar

Geometry Symbols

In LaTeX, geometry symbols are used to represent various geometry concepts such as shapes,measurements.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Term
-	\overline{\rm AB}	Line Segment
↞	\overrightarrow{\rm AB}	Ray (Half-line)
∠	\angle	Angle
∡	\measuredangle	Measured Angle
△	\triangle	Triangle
▢	\square	Square
≅	\cong	Congruent (Same Shape and Size)
≇	\ncong	Not Congruent
∼	\sim	Similar (Same Shape)
≁	\nsim	Not Similar
‖	|	Is Parallel with
∦	\nparallel	Is Not Parallel with
⊥	\perp	Is Perpendicular to
⊥̸	\not\perp	Is Not Perpendicular to
∩	\cap	Intersection
∪	\cup	Union
⊂	\subset	Subset
⊃	\supset	Superset
∅	\emptyset	Empty Set
°	\degree	Degree

Greek Symbols

In LaTeX, greek symbols are used to represent the letter of Greek alphabet.These symbols are used in mathematical notation, scientific equations, and various technical fields.

Lowercase	Uppercase	LaTeX Command	Description
α	Α	\alpha	Alpha
β	Β	\beta	Beta
γ	Γ	\gamma	Gamma
δ	Δ	\delta	Delta
ε	Ε	\epsilon	Epsilon
ζ	Ζ	\zeta	Zeta
η	Η	\eta	Eta
θ	Θ	\theta	Theta
ι	Ι	\iota	Iota
κ	Κ	\kappa	Kappa
λ	Λ	\lambda	Lambda
μ	Μ	\mu	Mu
ν	Ν	\nu	Nu
ξ	Ξ	\xi	Xi
ο	Ο	\omicron	Omicron
π	Π	\pi	Pi
ρ	Ρ	\rho	Rho
σ	Σ	\sigma	Sigma
τ	Τ	\tau	Tau
υ	Υ	\upsilon	Upsilon
φ	Φ	\phi	Phi
χ	Χ	\chi	Chi
ψ	Ψ	\psi	Psi
ω	Ω	\omega	Omega

Logic Symbols

In LaTeX, logic symbols are used to represent the various logical operations and mathematical concepts. These symbols plays a very important role in expressing the logical statements, relationships.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
∃	\exists	There exists
∃!	\exists!	There exists one and only one
∄	\nexists	There does not exists
∀	\forall	For all
¬	\neg	Logical not
∨	\lor	Logical or
∧	\land	Logical and
⟹	\Longrightarrow or \implies	Implies
⇒	\Rightarrow	Right implication
⟸	\Longleftarrow	is implied by (only if)
⇐	\Leftarrow	Left Implication
⟺	\iff	is equivalent to (if and only if, iff)
⇔	\Leftrightarrow	Equivalent
⊤	\top	Top
⊥	\bot	Bottom

Negated Binary Symbols

In LaTeX, the negated binary relations symbols are used to express the negation or negated version of common binary operations.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
≁	\ncong	Not congruent to
≉	\napprox	Not approximately equal to
≄	\nasymp	Not asymptotically equal to
≇	\nsim	Not similar to
≢	\nequiv	Not equivalent to
≭	\nlessgtr	Not less/greater than
≯	\ngtrless	Not greater/less than
≱	\ngeqslant	Not greater than or equal to
≰	\nleqslant	Not less than or equal to
⊀	\nprec	Not precedes
⊁	\nsucc	Not succeeds
⊄	\nsubset	Not a subset of
⊅	\nsupset	Not a superset of
⊈	\nsubseteq	Not a subset of or equal to
⊉	\nsupseteq	Not a superset of or equal to
⊬	\nvdash	Does not imply
⊭	\nvDash	Not models
⊮	\nVdash	Not forces
⊯	\nVDash	Not triple bar
⊮	\ntriangleleft	Does not contain as left member
⊯	\ntriangleright	Does not contain as right member
⋠	\nprec	Not precedes
⋡	\nsucc	Not succeeds
⋢	\npreceq	Not precedes or equals
⋣	\nsucceq	Not succeeds or equals
⋦	\nsubseteq	Not subset or equal
⋧	\nsupseteq	Not superset or equal
⋨	\nsubseteq	Not subset or equal
⋩	\nsupseteq	Not superset or equal

Other Symbols

In LaTex, it offers variety of other symbols to represent various mathematical, logical and typographic elements in LaTeX documents.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
ℵ	\aleph	Aleph
ℶ	\beth	Beth
ℸ	\daleth	Daleth
ℷ	\gimel	Gimel
∁	\complement	Complement
ℓ	\ell	Script Small L
ð	\eth	Eth
ℏ	\hbar	Planck Constant (h-bar)
ℏ	\hslash	Planck Constant (h-bar)
℧	\mho	Conductance
∂	\partial	Partial Derivative
℘	\wp	Weierstrass P
Ⓢ	\circledS	Circled S
�	\Bbbk	Blackboard Bold k
Ⅎ	\Finv	Inverted F
⅁	\Game	Game
ℑ	\Im	Imaginary Part
ℜ	\Re	Real Part
∞	\infty	Infinity
∀	\forall	For All
k	\Bbbk	Blackboard Bold k
℘	\wp	Weierstrass P
∇	\nabla	Nabla
∃	\exists	Exists
F	\bigstar	Big Star
∠	\angle	Angle
∂	\partial	Partial Derivative
@	\nexists	Negated Exists
	\diagdown	Diagonal Down
]	\measuredangle	Measured Angle
ð	\eth	Eth
∅	\emptyset	Empty Set
	\diagup	Diagonal Up
^	\sphericalangle	Spherical Angle
♣	\clubsuit	Club Suit
∅	\varnothing	Empty Set
♦	\Diamond	Diamond
{	\complement	Complement
♦	\diamondsuit	Diamond Suit
ı	\imath	Math Italic i
`	\Finv	Inverted F
O	\triangledown	Triangle Down
♥	\heartsuit	Heart Suit
	\jmath	Math Script j
a	\Game	Game
4	\triangle	Triangle
♠	\spadesuit	Spade Suit
`	\ell	Script Small L
~	\hbar	Planck Constant (h-bar)
M	\vartriangle	Upright Triangle
·	\cdots	Centered Ellipsis
RRRR	\iiiint	Quadruple Integral
}	\hslash	Planck Constant (h-bar)
	\blacklozenge	Black Lozenge
.	…	Ellipsis
\vdots	\vdots	Vertical Dots
RRR	\iiint	Triple Integral
♦	\lozenge	Lozenge
	\blacksquare	Black Square
.	…	Ellipsis
\ldots	\ldots	Lowercase Dots
RR	\iint	Double Integral
f	\mho	Conductance
N	\blacktriangle	Black Triangle
.	…	Ellipsis
\ddots	\ddots	Diagonal Dots
]	\sharp	Sharp
′	\prime	Prime
H	\blacktrinagledown	Black Triangle Down
=	\Im	Imaginary Part
[	\flat	Flat
\	\square	Square
\	\natural	Natural
√	\surd	Square Root
s	\circledS	Circled S
<	\leq	Less than or equal to

Relation Symbols

In LaTeX, relation symbols are used to express the various relationship between mathematical expressions, elements, and sets.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
<	\textless	Less than
>	\textgreater	Greater than
=	=	Equal to
≮	\nless	Not less than
≯	\ngtr	Not greater than
≠	\neq or \ne	Not equal to
≤	\leq or \leqslant	Less than or equal to
≥	\geq or \geqslant	Greater than or equal to
≰	\nleq or \nleqslant	Neither less than nor equal to
≱	\ngeq or \ngeqslant	Neither greater than nor equal to
≪	\ll	Much less than
≫	\gg	Much greater than
⋘	\lll	Very much less than
⋙	\ggg	Very much greater than
∥	\parallel	Parallel to
∦	\nparallel	Not parallel to
≐	\doteq	Approaches the limit
≡	\equiv	Equivalent to
≈	\approx	Approximately equal
≅	\cong	Congruent to or approximately equal to
≃	\simeq	Asymptotically equal to
∼	\sim	Similar to
∅	\emptyset	Empty Set
⊂	\subset	Subset of
⊃	\supset	Superset of
⊄	\not\subset	Not a subset of
⊅	\not\supset	Not a superset of
⊆	\subseteq	Subset of or equal to
⊇	\supseteq	Superset of or equal to
⊈	\nsubseteq	Neither a subset of nor equal to
⊉	\nsupseteq	Neither a superset of nor equal to
⊏	\sqsubset	Square image of
⊐	\sqsupset	Square original of
⊑	\sqsubseteq	Square image of or equal to
⊒	\sqsupseteq	Square original of or equal to
≺	\prec	precedes
≻	\succ	succeeds
⊀	\nprec	not precede
⊁	\nsucc	not succeed
≼	\preceq	precedes or equal to
≽	\succeq	succeeds or equal to
⋠	\npreceq	not precede or equal
⋡	\nsucceq	not succeed or equal
∝	\propto	proportional to
⋈	\bowtie	bowtie
⊢	\vdash	Turnstile
⊣	\dashv	Left Tack
∈	\in	element of
∋	\ni	contains as member
∉	\notin	not an element of
⊥	\perp	perpendicular
⊥̸	\not\perp	Is Not Perpendicular to
∣	\mid	Mid
∵	\because	Because
∴	\therefore	Therefore

Set Symbols

Set symbols in LaTeX are used to represent various operations and concepts related to sets in mathematics.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Term
∅	\varnothing or \emptyset	Empty Set
⊆	\subseteq	Subset
⊂	\subset	Proper Subset
⊇	\supseteq	Superset
⊃	\supset	Proper Superset
∪	\cup	Union
∩	\cap	Intersection
∈	\in	Set Membership
∉	\notin	Not a Member
⊆	\subseteq	Subset of or Equal To
⊇	\supseteq	Superset of or Equal To
∪	\cup	Set Union
∩	\cap	Set Intersection
\	\setminus or \backslash	Set Difference
∁	\complement	Set Complement
∈	\in	Set Membership
∉	\notin	Not a Member
∩	\cap	Set Intersection
∪	\cup	Set Union
⊂	\subset	Subset of
⊊	\subsetneq	Proper Subset of
⊃	\supset	Superset of
⊋	\supsetneq	Proper Superset of
∈	\in	Set Membership
∉	\notin	Not a Member
∊	\ni	Element of
∋	\notni	Not an Element of
∪	\cup	Set Union
∩	\cap	Set Intersection
\	\setminus or \backslash	Set Difference
⊆	\subseteq	Subset or Equal To
⊇	\supseteq	Superset or Equal To
∪	\cup	Set Union
∩	\cap	Set Intersection
⊂	\subset	Subset of
⊊	\subsetneq	Proper Subset of
⊃	\supset	Superset of
⊋	\supsetneq	Proper Superset of
∈	\in	Set Membership
∉	\notin	Not a Member
∊	\ni	Element of
∋	\notni	Not an Element of
∪	\cup	Set Union
∩	\cap	Set Intersection
\	\setminus or \backslash	Set Difference
∁	\complement	Set Complement
∈	\in	Set Membership
∉	\notin	Not a Member
∊	\ni	Element of
∋	\notni	Not an Element of

Special Symbols

In LaTeX, special symbols represents the currency symbols, musical notation, and other miscellaneous characters.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
°	\degree	Degree Symbol
℃	\degreeCelsius	Degree Celsius Symbol
℉	\degreeFahrenheit	Degree Fahrenheit Symbol
€	\euro	Euro Symbol
£	\pound	Pound Sterling Symbol
©	\copyright	Copyright Symbol
®	\textregistered	Registered Trademark Symbol
™	\texttrademark	Trademark Symbol
†	\dagger	Dagger Symbol
‡	\ddagger	Double Dagger Symbol
♂ ♀	\male \female	Male and Female Symbols
✓	\checkmark	Checkmark Symbol
✗	\cross	Cross Symbol

Trigonometric Symbols

In LaTeX, trigonometric symbols are used to represent various trigonometric functions and angles.

Symbol	LaTeX Command	Description
π	\pi	Pi
θ	\theta	Theta
ϕ	\phi	Phi
ψ	\psi	Psi
Ω	\Omega	Omega
sin	\sin	Sine
cos	\cos	Cosine
tan	\tan	Tangent
cot	\cot	Cotangent
sec	\sec	Secant
csc	\csc	Cosecant
arcsin	\arcsin	Arcsine
arccos	\arccos	Arccosine
arctan	\arctan	Arctangent
arccot	\arccot	Arccotangent
arcsec	\arcsec	Arcsecant
arccsc	\arccsc	Arccosecant
sinh	\sinh	Hyperbolic Sine
arsinh	\operatorname{arsinh}	Inverse Hyperbolic Sine
csch	\operatorname{csch}	Hyperbolic Cosecant
arcsch	\operatorname{arcsch}	Inverse Hyperbolic Cosecant
cosh	\cosh	Hyperbolic Cosine
arcosh	\operatorname{arcosh}	Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine
sech	\operatorname{sech}	Hyperbolic Secant
arsech	\operatorname{arsech}	Inverse Hyperbolic Secant
tanh	\tanh	Hyperbolic Tangent
artanh	\operatorname{artanh}	Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent
coth	\coth	Hyperbolic Cotangent
arcoth	\operatorname{arcoth}	Inverse Hyperbolic Cotangent

It covers the list of majorly used symbols such as Arrows, Binary Operators, Brackets, Calculus,Delimiter,Geometry,Greek Symbols, Logic, Negated Binary symbols,Relations symbols, set, special symbols and Trigonometric symbols.

Most of the symbols are built-in available in LaTeX and doesn’t required additional package. However, advanced symbols and functionalities can be achieved through additional packages such as amssymb,tidk-zcd,extrarrows, extpfiel etc…